Policy contribution

Contribution to objectives

Objective	Scale of contribution	Comment
		Charges can cover some of the opportunity cost of space taken by a parked vehicle, and some of the externalities of motor vehicles.
		Residents parking permits can prevent over-demand for parking on residential streets. Since parked cars are associated with increased danger of collision with child pedestrians and cyclists (Petch and Henson 2000), reduced parking might improve child safety.
	/	Limiting demand for use of motor vehicles can reduce poor air quality and emissions, and limit loss of space given to vehicles. Charges within an area may create harm at the fringes if people park just outside the charging area.
	/	If they are effective at limiting demand for driving, parking charges can contribute to alleviating problems of equity such as ill health associated with poor air quality, death and injury in collisions on roads, and severance. Reduced traffic in residential areas can bring social benefits (Appleyard 1981). However charges might have detrimental impacts on accessibility for those on low income.
	/	See liveable streets above.
		There is weak evidence on a relationship between economic growth and charges.
		While charges may compensate for some externalities they are unlikey to bring substantial profit.

	= Weakest possible positive contribution,		= strongest possible positive contribution
	= Weakest possible negative contribution		= strongest possible negative contribution

= No contribution

Contribution to problems

Problem	Scale of contribution	Comment
Congestion		Charges might limit demand for driving private vehicles.
Community impacts		If they are effective at limiting demand for driving, parking charges can contribute to alleviating problems of equity such as ill health associated with poor air quality, death and injury in collisions on roads, and severance. Reduced traffic in residential areas can bring social benefits (Appleyard 1981). However charges might have detrimental impacts on accessibility for those on low income.
Environmental damage	/	Limiting demand for use of motor vehicles can reduce poor air quality and emissions, and limit loss of space given to vehicles. Charges within an area may create harm at the fringes if people park just outside the charging area.
Poor accessibility	/	Limiting demand for use of motor vehicles can reduce severance and perception of danger to vulnerable road users. Tis might improve accessibility for pedestrians and cyclists. Charges might limit accessibility for drivers on lower incomes.
Social and geographical disadvantage	/	This may depend on where charges are implemented. Charges might mitigate traffic problems and pollution in disadvantaged areas. However if implemented in other areas they might contribute to exacerbating , problems for areas without charges if motorists choose to park there instead.
Accidents	/	See community impacts above.
Economic growth		There is weak evidence on a relationship between economic growth and charges.

	= Weakest possible positive contribution,		= strongest possible positive contribution
	= Weakest possible negative contribution		= strongest possible negative contribution

= No contribution

Appropriate contexts

Area type	Suitability
City centre
Dense inner suburb
Medium density outer suburb
Less dense outer suburb
District centre
Corridor	n/a
Small town
Tourist town

= Least suitable area type

= Most suitable area type