Complementary instruments

This section is under construction.

Gaps and weaknesses in the evidence

Whilst a change in fare structure is by no means comparable with a change in the overall level of fares in terms of impact on other modes, in the absence of direct evidence on the impact of fare structures, fare cross-elasticities (or indeed service level elasticities) may provide some indication of likely diversion rates as a result of fare structure changes.

Evidence from the UK was limited; care must be taken in applying lessons learnt from experience abroad to a UK context. More generally, many of the studies are examining a programme of measures making it very difficult to separate out the effects of the different elements of that programme.