Contribution to objectives and alleviation
of problems
| Objective |
Amsterdam |
California |
UK |
| 
|
|
|
|
| 
|
|
|
|
| 
|
|
|
|
| 
|
- |
- |
- |
| 
|
- |
|
|
| 
|
|
|
|
| 
|
|
|
|
 |
= Weakest possible positive contribution, |
 |
= strongest possible positive contribution |
 |
= Weakest possible negative contribution |
 |
= strongest possible negative contribution |
 |
= No contribution |
| Contribution to alleviation of
key problems |
| Problem |
Amsterdam |
California |
UK |
| Congestion-related delay |
|
|
|
| Congestion-related unreliability |
|
|
|
| Community severance |
- |
- |
- |
| Visual intrusion |
- |
- |
- |
| Lack of amenity |
- |
- |
- |
| Global warming |
|
|
|
| Local air pollution |
|
|
|
| Noise |
|
|
|
| Reduction of green space |
- |
- |
- |
| Damage to environmentally sensitive sites |
|
|
|
| Poor accessibility for those without a car and
those with mobility impairments |
|
- |
- |
| Disproportionate disadvantaging of particular social
or geographic groups |
- |
- |
- |
| Number, severity and risk of accidents |
- |
|
|
| Suppression of the potential for economic activity
in the area |
|
- |
- |
|
= Weakest possible positive contribution, |
|
= strongest possible positive contribution |
|
= Weakest possible negative contribution |
|
= strongest possible negative contribution |
|
= No contribution |
Appropriate
contexts
| Appropriate area-types |
| Area type |
Suitability |
| City
centre |
/ |
| Dense
inner suburb |
|
| Medium
density outer suburb |
|
| Less
dense outer suburb |
|
| District
centre |
|
| Corridor |
|
| Small
town |
|
| Tourist
town |
|
|
= Least suitable area type |
|
= Most suitable area type |
Adverse side-effects
There are several possible adverse side effects from the introduction
of private parking charges. If the charges are not co-ordinated with
other land use policies there is a danger, as demonstrated in the Amsterdam
case study, that companies may relocate to avoid the charge. This view
is reinforced by evidence gathered by Gerrard
et al (2001) and suggests that in the long-term private parking charges
will influence land use unless the benefits to firms outweigh the disbenefits. If firms pass on charges to their employees
this may disadvantage employees who work 'un-social' hours and have
no alternative but to travel to work by car. Such employees will incur
additional penalties if they are also on low incomes.
