Types of instrument

Overcoming financial barriers

Overcoming political barriers

Compensating losers

Reinforcing benefits

Land-use

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High density development to minimise the need for car ownership

Attitudinal and behavioural

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Individualised marketing campaigns, and company travel plans to make using alternative easier

Infrastructure measures

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Provision of infrastructure for public transport, walking and cycling

Management of the infrastructure

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Provision of frequent public transport services

Information provision

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Provision of public transport information

Charging

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Urban road charging, Fuel taxes and parking charges