Types of instrument

Overcoming financial barriers

Overcoming political barriers

Compensating losers

Reinforcing benefits

Land-use

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High-density land-use to reduce travel distances. This means alternatives may be more feasible, and fuel consumption is lower for those who continue to drive. Therefore opposition will be less.

High-density land-use to reduce travel distances. This means alternatives may be more feasible.

Attitudinal and behavioural

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Individualised marketing campaigns, company travel plans, ride sharing and car clubs to facilitate use of alternatives.

Individualised marketing campaigns, company travel plans, ride sharing and car clubs to facilitate use of alternatives.

Individualised marketing campaigns, company travel plans, ride sharing and car clubs to facilitate use of alternatives.

Infrastructure measures

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Improved public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure.

Improved public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure.

Improved public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure.

Management of the infrastructure

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Giving priority to alternatives to the car.

Giving priority to alternatives to the car.

Giving priority to alternatives to the car.

Information provision

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Explanation of the need for increased fuel tax, plus details of alternatives to the car.

Charging

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Tax rebates or exemptions