Terminology
Management related specific pedestrian crossing facilities are defined as measures to make existing crossings easier and safer. Providing new crossings is an infrastructure measure. Measures discussed in this section, include:

• marking pedestrian crossings on carriageways, normally combined with traffic signs
  
• traffic signal control of pedestrian crossings (at intersections and on stretches of road)

At marked pedestrian crossings (e.g. Zebra crossings), cars would normally be expected to give way to pedestrians crossing the road. Traffic signals at pedestrian crossings are often activated by push-buttons. At intersections, vehicle actuated signals designed to optimise traffic flow are common.

These measures are often combined with infrastructure or other measures like:

• grade separated crossing, i.e. foot-bridges and subways
  
• raised pedestrian crossings
  
• refuges (traffic islands on pedestrian crossings)
  
• pedestrian guard rails
  
• pavement widening at intersections
  
• school crossing patrols

A raised pedestrian crossing is an elevated section of road where the crossing has been raised to the height of the kerbstone. This design lowers driving speeds and makes the crossing easier for all pedestrians, in particular those pushing prams or using wheelchairs. A refuge is a "rest stop" for pedestrians crossing the road. It also serves to separate opposing traffic streams, thus making frontal collisions less likely.
Pedestrian guard rails are fences designed to lead pedestrians to protected crossing facilities. There are two types of guardrail; the conventional type and the so called "visirail", in which some bars have been removed to improve visibility. Pavement widening involves moving the kerbstone into the traffic lanes, thus making these narrower and the distance covered in crossing the road shorter.

The safety impact of these measures are also included in the evidence on performance section, but are not taken into account in the comments elsewhere.

School crossing patrols are adults or older children who carry stop signs that are used to stop traffic at crossing facilities, allowing smaller children to cross the road safely.

Several other infrastructure as well as management measures; like road maintenance, traffic calming and speed regulation will facilitate pedestrian crossing as well.

The Elsevier Handbook of Road Safety Measures (Elvik & Vaa 2003, forthcoming) gives a detailed description of the impacts of all these traffic control and pedestrian crossing facilities measures on mobility, traffic safety and environment. The data presented in the handbook is based on comprehensive meta-analysis of international studies.

There are differences between nations in highway code, in road design and in legal requirements for pedestrian facilities. Some countries always provide crossing facilities at the corner of a block, while others do not. In some countries, e.g. France and the Nordic countries, the motorist is by law expected to give way to the pedestrian at the corner of the block.

Technology
Traffic signals systems and devices to signalise the intention to cross are needed.
Pelican crossings are pedestrian controlled crossings where the pedestrian presses a button on a control box mounted on a pole adjacent to the crossing in order to activate the lights, where as a Puffin crossing is a controlled crossing which has a
sensor that detects the presence of a waiting pedestrian and activates
the lights automatically (without the need to press a button).

An example of a more advanced technology is infrared detectors for crossing pedestrians. The function of this device is to detect the passage of pedestrians through a defined zone. This information can be used to extend the pedestrian phase when necessary (ADONIS 1998).

The EU project ADONIS (Analysis and Development Of New Insight to Substitution of short car trips by cycling and walking) resulted in a catalogue consisting of 112 measures to promote cycling and walking, among which 52 concerns pedestrian facilities (EU & Danish Road Directory 1998). The catalogue is published in CD ROM and gives examples of good practise with photos and diagrams as well as detailed information on layout design, dimensions and cost estimates.

Road design guidelines in each country (Public Roads Administration) will give detailed information on the technology needed and the requirements to fulfil for marking pedestrian crossings.